{"id":845,"date":"2026-08-20T18:26:32","date_gmt":"2026-08-20T22:26:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ucb.edu.bo\/iicc\/?p=845"},"modified":"2026-10-06T15:19:09","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T19:19:09","slug":"mapear-sin-estigmatizar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ucb.edu.bo\/iicc\/mapear-sin-estigmatizar\/","title":{"rendered":"Mapear sin estigmatizar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El uso de mapas en las ciencias sociales es una herramienta poderosa. Permiten representar datos, observar territorios y mostrar patrones que el texto solo no puede mostrar. Pero los mapas no son inocentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un mapa parece mostrar la realidad. Pero tambi\u00e9n la ordena, la recorta, la pinta y la jerarquiza. Decide qu\u00e9 entra y qu\u00e9 queda fuera. Por eso los mapas son poderosos. Y por eso mismo pueden ser peligrosos cuando se usan mal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hace algunos d\u00edas circul\u00f3 un an\u00e1lisis llevado a cabo por la polit\u00f3loga Lily Pe\u00f1aranda, en el cual relaciona indicadores de vulnerabilidad educativo-ling\u00fc\u00edstica con bloqueos de caminos en Bolivia. El texto, publicado en el portal Br\u00fajula Noticias, combina datos del Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2024, informaci\u00f3n de transitabilidad de la Administradora Boliviana de Carreteras (ABC) y cartograf\u00edas municipales. Hasta ah\u00ed, parecer\u00eda que todo iba bien. Es deseable y necesario que el debate p\u00fablico se nutra de datos, cruce fuentes y mire el territorio m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la opini\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El problema empieza cuando la utilizaci\u00f3n de varias bases de datos se confunde con rigurosidad. Usar muchas bases de datos no garantiza una buena conclusi\u00f3n, o al menos una buena interpretaci\u00f3n de estos. Un mapa visualmente atractivo no vuelve cient\u00edfica una interpretaci\u00f3n. Y una correlaci\u00f3n territorial no demuestra una relaci\u00f3n causal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La pregunta que gu\u00eda el an\u00e1lisis podr\u00eda ser leg\u00edtima. Las desigualdades educativas, ling\u00fc\u00edsticas y territoriales importan. La conflictividad social tambi\u00e9n tiene geograf\u00eda. Ser\u00eda absurdo negar que la historia pol\u00edtica boliviana est\u00e1 marcada por territorios, caminos, regiones, ciudades intermedias y comunidades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pero otra cosa es sugerir que las poblaciones de ciertos municipios bloquean porque son m\u00e1s vulnerables, menos educadas o m\u00e1s f\u00e1cilmente manipulables. Ah\u00ed el mapa deja de describir y empieza a insinuar. Ah\u00ed el dato corre el riesgo de convertirse en prejuicio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El an\u00e1lisis presenta al menos tres problemas que vale la pena se\u00f1alar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>El primero es el salto entre correlaci\u00f3n y causalidad. Y no es un salto entre una correlaci\u00f3n fuerte y una conclusi\u00f3n prudente, es un salto desde una correlaci\u00f3n d\u00e9bil, basada en una sola variable, hacia una explicaci\u00f3n de un fen\u00f3meno tan complejo como los bloqueos. En ciencias sociales, ese es uno de los errores m\u00e1s documentados cuando se trabaja con datos cuantitativos. La presencia de bloqueos en territorios con determinados indicadores educativos o ling\u00fc\u00edsticos no permite concluir que esos indicadores expliquen los bloqueos, los datos no soportan esa conclusi\u00f3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El segundo problema es la sobreexplicaci\u00f3n con una sola variable, muy forzada. Un fen\u00f3meno tan complejo como los bloqueos en Bolivia no puede reducirse a un indicador \u00fanico, y mucho menos a uno como la vulnerabilidad educativo-ling\u00fc\u00edstica. Los fen\u00f3menos sociales complejos deben ser entendidos a partir de varias categor\u00edas, hist\u00f3ricas, sociales, econ\u00f3micas y dem\u00e1s. Reducir todo eso a una sola variable es no tiene rigor metodol\u00f3gico.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El tercer problema, y el m\u00e1s delicado, es la conclusi\u00f3n sobre manipulaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica. La polit\u00f3loga sugiere que ciertas poblaciones ser\u00edan \u00abblanco f\u00e1cil de la manipulaci\u00f3n\u00bb debido a su menor nivel educativo. Pero esa l\u00f3gica no resiste la evidencia disponible. Si la manipulaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica dependiera principalmente del nivel educativo formal, no observar\u00edamos lo que s\u00ed observamos en sociedades con altos niveles de escolaridad, donde la desinformaci\u00f3n, las c\u00e1maras de eco y la polarizaci\u00f3n afectan tambi\u00e9n a profesionales y personas con formaci\u00f3n universitaria. Hay bibliograf\u00eda extensa sobre c\u00f3mo los mecanismos de manipulaci\u00f3n operan de manera diferenciada seg\u00fan el contexto, pero no desaparecen con la educaci\u00f3n formal. Concluir que una poblaci\u00f3n es manipulable a partir de un mapa de analfabetismo no es un hallazgo, es un supuesto que el an\u00e1lisis asume sin demostrar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por eso, si un mapa muestra que ciertos bloqueos est\u00e1n cerca de municipios con ciertos indicadores educativos o ling\u00fc\u00edsticos, eso puede abrir una pregunta. No una conclusi\u00f3n. Puede invitar a investigar. No a sentenciar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El punto m\u00e1s delicado, sin embargo, no es solo metodol\u00f3gico. Es pol\u00edtico. En Bolivia, asociar analfabetismo, lengua, ruralidad y protesta no ocurre en el vac\u00edo. Tiene historia. Tiene clase. Tiene regi\u00f3n. Tiene raza. Por eso hay que tener cuidado. Nombrar una vulnerabilidad no deber\u00eda servir para disminuir la agencia pol\u00edtica de quienes la padecen. Una persona que no habla espa\u00f1ol o es analfabeta no es autom\u00e1ticamente manipulable. Una comunidad con carencias educativas no deja por eso de tener intereses, memoria, organizaci\u00f3n, demandas y capacidad de lectura pol\u00edtica del pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nada de esto significa que no debamos usar mapas. Al contrario. Necesitamos m\u00e1s an\u00e1lisis espaciales, m\u00e1s visualizaci\u00f3n de datos, m\u00e1s investigaci\u00f3n territorial y m\u00e1s debate informado. Pero tambi\u00e9n necesitamos rigurosidad metodol\u00f3gica y \u00e9tica al momento de interpretar los mapas. Necesitamos m\u00e1s cuidado con las inferencias, m\u00e1s humildad frente a lo que los datos permiten decir y m\u00e1s responsabilidad frente a lo que una visualizaci\u00f3n puede activar en una sociedad polarizada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Porque un mapa no solo informa. Tambi\u00e9n persuade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los mapas pueden ayudarnos a comprender mejor Bolivia. Pero tambi\u00e9n pueden reforzar viejas formas de mirar desde arriba a quienes se movilizan, hablan otra lengua o viven lejos de las ciudades donde se produce opini\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El desaf\u00edo no es dejar de mapear. El desaf\u00edo es mapear sin estigmatizar. Porque en un pa\u00eds desigual, lo que hacemos con un mapa tambi\u00e9n importa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Link del an\u00e1lisis de Lily Pe\u00f1aranda: <a href=\"https:\/\/brujuladigital.net\/politica\/2026\/06\/08\/analisisvulnerabilidad-educativo-lingistica-y-bloqueos-de-caminos-en-bolivialily-penaranda-61646\">|AN\u00c1LISIS|Vulnerabilidad educativo-ling\u00fc\u00edstica y bloqueos de caminos en Bolivia|Lily Pe\u00f1aranda| &#8211; Br\u00fajula Digital<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El uso de mapas en las ciencias sociales es una herramienta poderosa. Permiten representar datos, observar territorios y mostrar patrones [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":849,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mapear sin estigmatizar - IICC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ucb.edu.bo\/iicc\/mapear-sin-estigmatizar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mapear sin estigmatizar - IICC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El uso de mapas en las ciencias sociales es una herramienta poderosa. 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